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Kurdistan (Kurdish: Kurdistan/كوردستان, literally meaning "the land of Kurds"[2]; Ancient: Corduene, old: Koordistan, Curdistan, Kurdia, also Kurdish: Kurdewarî) is the name of a geographic and cultural region in the Middle East, inhabited predominantly by the Kurds.
As a traditional ethnographic region, Kurdistan is generally held to include the contiguous regions in northern and northeastern Mesopotamia with large Kurdish populations. From a political standpoint, Iraqi Kurdistan is the only region which has gained official recognition internationally as a federal entity.[3]
The region was known by various cognates of the word Kurd during the ancient history of the Mesopotamia. The ancient Sumerians referred to it as Kur-a, Gutium, or Land of Karda, the Elamites as Kurdasu, the Akkadians as Kurtei, the Assyrians as Kurti, the Babylonians as Qardu, the Greeks as Carduchoi and the Romans as Corduene. The ending of —ene was the Greek suffix for satrapies, as the ending of —stan in the word Kurdistan is the Kurdish suffix for toponyms meaning 'land of', however the original Kurdish equivalent for Kurdistan used by Kurds themselves, has been the word 'Kurdewarî'. The term land of Kuti or Guti was used to refer to the areas to northeast of Babylonia[4], roughly corresponding to what is today Iraqi and Iranian Kurdistan, and in the wider concept to refer to somewhere in or the whole areas to the east of Tigris[5]. At the same time the term land of Karda or Beth Kardu was used for the tract situated between Lake Van, Lake Urmia and the upper Tigris, to the north of land of Kuti; and to the west of both in upper Mesopotamia was situated the land of Arian Mitannis. One of the First records of using the term of Kurdistan is by Sultan Sanjar the Seljuk King in the 12th century. He formed a province named Kurdistan centered at Bahar situated to the northeast of Hamadan. This province was located between Azarbaijan and Luristan. It included the regions of Hamadan, Dinawar, Kermanshah and Senna, to the east of the Zagros and to the west of Sharazur (Kirkuk) and Khuftiyan, on the river Zab.[6]
Much of Kurdistan corresponds roughly with the ancient Kingdom of Gutium, which is mentioned in cuneiform records about 2400 BC, and had its capital at Arraphkha. [7]
The tract to this day known as Kurdistan, the high mountain region south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia, was in the possession of Kurds from before the time of Xenophon, and was known as the country of the Carduchi (Greek: Καρδούχοι), as Cardyeneor Cordyene.[8]
At their peak, the Romans ruled large Kurdish-inhabited areas, particularly the western and northern Kurdish areas in the Middle East. Kingdoms like Corduene were vassal states of the Roman Empire. From 189 BC to AD 384, the ancient kingdom of Corduene ruled northern Mesopotamia. It was situated to the east of Tigranocerta (i.e., to the east and south of present-day Diyarbakır in south-eastern Turkey). It became a vassal state of the Roman Republic in 66 BC. It remained allied with the Romans until AD 384.
Some of the ancient districts of Kurdistan and their corresponding modern names are listed below [9].
Kurdistan in the Middle Ages was a collection of semi-independent states called "emirates". A comprehensive history of these states and their relationship with their neighbors is given in the famous textbook of "Sharafnama" written by Prince Sharaf al-Din Bitlisi in 1597.[10][11] The most famous Kurdish Emirates included Baban, Soran, Badinan and Garmiyan in present-day Iraq; Bakran, Botan (or Bokhtan) and Badlis in Turkey, and Mukriyan and Ardalan in Iran.
In the 16th century, the Kurdish-inhabited areas were split between Safavid Iran and the Ottoman Empire after prolonged wars. The first important division of Kurdistan occurred in the aftermath of the Battle of Chaldiran in 1514. This division was formalized in the Treaty of Zuhab in 1639[12]. Before World War I, most Kurds lived within the boundaries of the Ottoman Empire in the province of Kurdistan. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Allies agreed and planned to create several countries within its former boundaries. Originally Kurdistan, along with Armenia, was to be one of them, according to the never-ratified Treaty of Sèvres. However, the reconquest of these areas by Kemal Atatürk and other pressing issues caused the Allies to accept the renegotiated Treaty of Lausanne, accepting the border of modern Republic of Turkey and leaving the Kurds without a self-ruled region. Other Kurdish areas were assigned to the new British and French mandated states of Iraq and Syria under both treaties.
The Kurdish delegation made a proposal at the San Francisco Peace Conference in 1945, showing the geographical extent of Kurdistan as claimed by the Kurds. This proposal encompasses an area extending from the Mediterranean shores near Adana to the shores of Persian Gulf near Bushehr, and it includes the Lur inhabited areas of southern Zagros[13][14].
Since World War I, Kurdistan has been divided between several states, in all of which Kurds are minorities. At the end of the First Gulf War, Allies established the safe haven in northern Iraq. Amid the withdrawal of Iraqi forces from three northern provinces, Iraqi Kurdistan emerged as an autonomous entity inside Iraq, with its own local government and parliament in 1992.
People
In addition to Kurds who comprise the majority of the population of the region there are also communities of Assyrian, Armenian, Ossetian, Jewish, Turkish, Arab and Azeri people traditionally scattered throughout the region alongside Kurds. Most of its inhabitants being Muslim there are also significant numbers of various other religious sects such as Yazidi, Yarsan, Alevi, Christian, Jewish, Sarayi, Bajwan and Haqqa etc.
According to Encyclopædia Britannica, Kurdistan covers about 74,000 sq mi (191,660 km²), and its chief towns are Diyarbakır, Bitlis, and Van in Turkey, Mosul and Arbil [Kirkuk was previously stated here however the people do not get to vote until later this year 2007] in Iraq, and Kermanshah, Sanandaj and Mahabad in Iran.[15] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Kurdistan covers around 190,000 km² in Turkey, 125,000 km² in Iran, 65,000 km² in Iraq, and 12,000 km² in Syria and the total area of Kurdistan is estimated at approximately 392,000 km²[16]. Others estimate as many as 40 million Kurds live in Kurdistan, which covers an area as big as France. The Kurdistan Province in Iran and Iraqi Kurdistan are both included in the usual definition of Kurdistan.
Historic map from 1721, showing borders of Curdistan provinces
Although Kurdistan has a harsh and cold climate, it is not a desert. Mountain chains are covered with pasture, and its valleys with forests. There are around 16 million hectares (160,000 km²) of forests in all parts of Kurdistan. Oaks, firs and other conifers can be found in those forests. The platanus, willow and poplar, are found near waters and rivers[16].
Mountains
Mountains, even to this day, have been important geographical and symbolic figures in Kurdish life, so that there is a saying that Kurds have no friends but the mountains[19]. The Mount Judi is the most important mountain in Kurdish folklore and along with Mount Ararat is one of the mountains that is thought to be the final resting place of Noah's Ark. Other important mountains of Kurdistan are Zagros Shingar, Qendil, Shaho, Gabar, etc.
There are many rivers in Kurdistan that are at least as important, if not more important, than oil. The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rainfall and in winter a heavy coat of snow, are a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East. This is the source of the famous Tigris and Euphrates Rivers as well as numerous other smaller rivers like the Khabur, Tharthar, Ceyhan, Araxes, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, Hezil, which their major tributaries spring from the mountains of Kurdistan. Those rivers that are entirely or nearly entirely in Kurdistan are usually of historical importance to the Kurds. Among these are the Murat (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in northern and western Kurdistan (in Turkey); the Peshkhābur, the Lesser and the Greater Zab, and the Sirwan/Diyala in central Kurdistan (in Iraq); and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in southern Kurdistan etc. With their water, the Tigris and the Euphrates give life not only to the Mesopotamian plain and whole of Kurdistan but also to Iraq and Syria. These rivers, which flow down from heights of three to four thousand meters above sea level, are also very significant for the production of energy. Iraq and Syria have built numerous dams across these rivers and their tributaries. But the most important ones are a series of dams that were built by Turkey as part of the GAP project (Southeast Anatolia Project). The GAP project is still not complete, but it already supplies a significant proportion of Turkey's electrical-energy needs. Due to the extraordinary archæological richness of the land, almost any dam built in Kurdistan drowns a portion of Kurdish history [20].
Lakes
There are a number of lakes in Kurdistan. The eastern borders of Kurdistan ends with the Lake Urmia and the western borders with semi-contiguous Kurdish-inhabited regions on the Mediterranean shore. Lake Van is the world's fourth largest non-saline body of water by volume. The Zarivar Lake around Mariwan as well as Lake Dukan around the city of Sulaymaniyah are considerable touristic sites [20]
Underground resources
There are many oil and mineral resources in Kurdistan. KRG-controlled parts of Iraqi Kurdistan only by itself is estimated to have around 45bn barrels of oil reserves making it sixth largest in the world, mostly recently discovered and its extraction is said to begin within the first three months of 2007. These are excluding those of Kirkuk and Mosul, cities claimed by the KRG to be included in its territory. Albeit for a long time oil was extracted mainly in these two cities through Iraq by former Baath regime. Gas and associated gas reserves are in excess of 100 TCF. Other underground resources that exist in significant quantities in the region include copper, iron, zinc and cement. The world´s largest deposit of rock sulphur is located just southwest of Erbil (Hewlêr). Other important underground resources include coal, gold, marble etc.[21].
Climate
There are many rivers flowing and running through mountains of Kurdistan making it distinguished by its fertile lands, plentiful water, picturesque nature. The mountainous nature of Kurdistan, the difference of temperatures in its various parts, and its wealth of waters, make Kurdistan a land of agriculture and tourism. The climate of Kurdistan is harsh, because of its high altitude. There is a lot of snowfall in the high mountains. Precipitation varies between 200 to 400 mm a year in the plains, and between 700 to 3,000 mm a year on the high plateaux between mountain chains[16].
Views of Kurdistan
Hills southwest of Sanandaj near the village of Kélane
^ J. Bell, A System of Geography. Popular and Scientific (A Physical, Political, and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions), pp.133–4, Vol.IV, Fullarton & Co., Glasgow, 1832.
Mezopotamya (Aram Nahrin), bugün Irak, doğu Suriye ve Güneydoğu Anadolu'yu (Türkiye) kapsayan coğrafi bölgeyi tarif eden bir isimdir. Mezopotamya Eski Yunanca'da "iki nehir arasındaki yer" demektir; μέσος ("arasında") ve πόταμος ("nehir"). Kastedilen iki nehir Fırat ile Dicle'dir, zira bölge bu iki nehrin arasında kalır.
Verimli toprakları ve uygun iklim şartları nedeniyle çok eski zamanlardan beri yoğun göçe sahne olmuş Mezopotamya, birçok farklı kültür ve halkın karıştığı bir bölge olmuştur ve bu nedenle de medeni gelişime sahne olmuştur. Bilinen ilk okur yazar topluluklara ev sahipliği yapmış bölgede birçok medeniyet gelişmiştir ve bu sebeplerden Medeniyet(ler) Beşiği olarak da anılmıştır. Hiçbir zaman Mezopotamya olarak anılan belirli bir siyasi mevcudiyet olmadığı gibi sınırları belirli bir bölge değildir. Basit anlamda Yunan tarihçileri bu bölgeyi anmak için bu ismi anmışlardır.
Mezopotamya tarih boyunca farklı kavimlerin bir arada yaşadığı bir bölge olmuştur. Bölgeye uzun süre devam eden sürekli göçler, hem siyasi iktidarın belirli bir çizgi izlemesini engellemiş hem de kültürel ve teknolojik anlamda kent ve toplumların gelişimini körüklemiştir. Mezopotamya bölgesi dünyanın en tanınmış ve köklü medeniyetlerinden birkaçına ev sahipliği yapmıştır; Sümerler, Akadlar, Persler, Babilliler ve Asurlular gibi. Bunların dışında daha birçok halk ve kavim Mezopotamya'da kök salmıştır.
Yazı Öncesi Dönemden Sümerlere
Son buz devrinin sonlarına doğru, hâlâ hüküm süren buzul veya buzul arası iklim koşullarından kaçmak için insanlar topluluklar halinde güneye doğru göç etmişlerdir. Bu dönemlere dair kuzey Irak'ta ve çevre bölgelerde çeşitli yerleşim alanları göze çarpar. Daha sonra iklimin tarım için uygun hale gelmesiyle kuru tarım başladığı gibi yerleşim birimleri de oluşmaya başlamıştır.
Tarım gelişimi ve köy yaşamının başlangıcından yazının ortaya çıkışına kadarki dönemin ünlü yerleşim bölgelerine örnek olarak Samarra, Halaf ve Hasuna verilebilir. Bu dönemde her kent aynı zamanda ayrı bir kültürel tarz ortaya sunmaktaydı. Bu kentlerin ortak yönü konutların ortaya çıkışıdır. Yine de konutların mimari tarzı kentten kente değişiklik gösterir. MÖ 5500-MÖ 5000 dolaylarında Mezopotamya'da öne çıkan iki kültür kuzeyde Halaf kültürü ve güneyde Ubaid (Obeyd) kültürleridir.
Bölgenin bir sonraki evresi Uruk dönemi (MÖ 4000-MÖ 3100) olarak anılabilir. Bu dönemde güneydeki kentler büyük oranda gelişmiştir. Bu gelişmeler sadece kültürel planda değil aynı zamanda teknolojik plandadır da. Uruk kenti, dönemi karakterize eden kent olarak, çok önemli bir konumdadır. Sulu tarımın geliştiği bu dönemde, madencilik ve teknoloji dallarında da ortaya çıkan gelişmeler kentlerin genel durumunu yükseltmiştir. Uruk kentinin ünlü Mezopotamya kahramanı Gılgamış'ın evi olduğu da söylencelerde yer alır. Bu dönemde ticaret büyük oranda gelişmiştir ve Mezopotamya'nın o dönemde bilinen sınırları içeresinde yoğun bir ticaret ağı oluşmuştur. Ayrıca Anadolu ile yapılan ticaret, Anadolu halklarının kültürünü de Mezopotamya'ya, sınırlı anlamda da olsa, taşımıştır. Bu dönemin sonlarında yazı geliştirilmiş ve kayıt tutumu da başlamıştır. Bu dönemlerde ve daha sonra bir süre güneydeki gelişimlerin kuzeye geçmesi uzun zaman almıştır.
Matematik, Tıp ve Astronomi Mezopotamyalılar iki sayı sistemine sahipti. Sümerler, zamanı altmış dakikalık saatlerde ölçen ilk insanlardır ve haftada yedi günlük bir takvim de oluşturmuşlardır. Babilli astronomlar gündönümü ve tutulmaları hesaplayabiliyorlardı. Astronominin gelişimi din ve mitoloji ile iç içedir zira insanlar astronominin bir amacı olduğuna inanıyorlar ve ona bazı dini veya mistik unsurlar yüklüyorlardı. Örneğin tutulmalar kötüye işaretti. Her ne kadar anatomi ve tıp konusunda bilgileri olmasa da tıbbi tanı listeleri oluşturmuşlar, hastalıkları gözlemlemişlerdir.
Mezopotamya'da yaşayan birçok farklı kavimden ilk öne çıkan ve daha sonraki medeni oluşumların temelini atan Sümerlerdir. Gerek yazı, dil, tıp, astronomi, matematik gerekse din, fal, büyü ve mitoloji gibi alanlarda ilk öne çıkan ve bilinen toplum Sümerlerdir. "Yaratılış" ve "Tufan"a ilk kez Sümerlerde rastlanır. Sümer döneminde Mezopotamya'da 18'i büyük olan yaklaşık 35 büyük şehir ve kasaba vardı. Bunlara örnek vermek gerekirse Kiş, Nippur, Zabalam, Umma, Lagaş, Eridu, Uruk ve Ur zikredilebilir.
Lagaş'ta iktidara gelen Ur-Nanşe yaptırdığı inşaatlarla öne çıkmıştır. Urukagina da ilk yazılı reformları sayesinde tanınmıştır. Son dönemlerde Sümerlerin baş tanrısı konumundaki Enlil'in tapınağı Nippur'da idi bu nedenle Nippur Sümerlerin dini başkenti sayılırdı.
MÖ 2400-2350 yıllarında Sümerler düşüşe geçerken, Akkadlar yükselişe geçmiştir.
Bir Akkad kralının zafer anıtının parçası, MÖ 2300 dolaylarına ait.
Tikla. 
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